Home automation or smart home (also known as domotics or domotica) is the residential extension of building automation and involves the control and automation of lighting, heating (such as smart thermostats), ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and security, as well as home appliances such as washer/dryers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers that use WiFi for remote monitoring. Modern systems generally consist of switches and sensors connected to a central hub sometimes called a "gateway" from which the system is controlled with a user interface that is interacted either with a wall-mounted terminal, mobile phone software, tablet computer or a web interface, often but not always via internet cloud services.
While there are many competing vendors, there are very few world-wide accepted industry standards and the smart home space is heavily fragmented. Popular communications protocol for products include X10, Ethernet, RS-485, 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth LE (BLE), ZigBee and Z-Wave, or other proprietary protocols all of which are incompatible with each other. Manufacturers often prevent independent implementations by withholding documentation and by suing people.
The home automation market was worth US$5.77 billion in 2015, predicted to have a market value over US$10 billion by the year 2020.
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History
The word "domotics" (and "domotica" when used as a verb) is a contraction of the Latin word for a home "domus" and the words/fields informatics, telematics and robotics.
Early home automation began with labor-saving machines. Self-contained electric or gas powered home appliances became viable in the 1900s with the introduction of electric power distribution and led to the introduction of washing machines (1904), water heaters (1889), refrigerators, sewing machines, dishwashers, and clothes dryers.
In 1975, the first general purpose home automation network technology, X10, was developed. It is a communication protocol for electronic devices. It primarily uses electric power transmission wiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief radio frequency bursts of digital data, and remains the most widely available. By 1978, X10 products included a 16 channel command console, a lamp module, and an appliance module. Soon after came the wall switch module and the first X10 timer.
By 2012, in the United States, according to ABI Research, 1.5 million home automation systems were installed.
According to Li et. al. (2016) there are three generations of home automation:
- First generation: wireless technology with proxy server, e.g. Zigbee automation;
- Second generation: artificial intelligence controls electrical devices, e.g. amazon echo;
- Third generation: robot buddy "who" interacts with humans, e.g. Robot Rovio, Roomba.
The key smart homes were contemplations, not bona fide structures. For a significant time, span, science fiction has examined home motorization. Profitable researchers, for instance, Ray Bradbury, imagined a future where homes were astute, and obviously ran themselves. In Bradbury's precaution short story, "There Will Come Soft Rains" he portrays a motorized home that continues working even after individuals have stopped to exist. It's all well and disturbing, until you consider the certified points of interest of home automation, and after that the idea ends up being more improving than chilling. Regardless of the way that home robotization has been around for a long time, genuine clever homes have recently existed a brief time. This timetable spotlights on hardware; which implies certified advancements making ready to the sharp homes we know today and can foresee from the not all that far off future (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
On the off chance that you think home mechanization is another development, you're just mostly right. Sci-fi that has focused on savvy home innovation (recollect Rosie from The Jetsons?) since, well, the start of sci-fi - however it's not only that. For a considerable length of time, the world's most noteworthy personalities and most creative creators have been progressing in the direction of innovation that can nearly think for itself. Here are a couple of our most loved highlights:
1785: Less than 10 years after the U.S. announced autonomy from England, Nikola Tesla imagined the primary remote control (to remotely control a vessel).
Mid 1900s: Fast-forward a couple of hundreds of years, and the Industrial Revolution has made ready for the innovation of the main home apparatuses. In all actuality, they weren't brilliant however they were total distinct advantages for mid twentieth century people - in any event, the rich ones. 1901 saw the presentation of the primary vacuum cleaner, and throughout the following couple of decades, the world's personalities revealed the clothes washer, garments dryer, garments press, home fridge, electric dishwasher, refuse transfer, and numerous other home machines that today we underestimate (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014). Albeit home machines aren't what we'd consider "keen," they were a mind boggling accomplishment in the mid twentieth century. These accomplishments started with the primary motor controlled vacuum cleaner in 1901. A more useful power controlled vacuum was designed in 1907. All through two decades' iceboxes would be developed, and also garments dryers, clothes washers, irons, toasters, thus considerably more. It was a fabulous time for any individual who was utilized as a servant by an extremely princely family (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
1930s:
By the 1930s, creators had officially turned their creative energy to home computerization. Despite the fact that the innovation was still numerous decades off, the World's Fair presented the idea of computerized home and savvy apparatuses. Onlookers were, obviously, interested with the thought (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
1950:
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce design the PC chip - the building obstructs for now's keen home innovation (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
1951: UNIVAC I, the world's first monetarily accessible PC, is acquainted with market. Consider UNIVAC I the immense awesome incredible extraordinary granddaddy of today's shrewd controls, which are all, basically, smaller than normal PCs. 1964: The Uniscope 300, one of the principal PC screens, hits racks. Also, what might PCs, keen center points, and shrewd gadget controls today be without advanced presentations (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
1966-67:
Though never financially sold, ECHO IV was the world's first home mechanization framework. Developed by Jim Sutherland, the "Electronic Computing Home Operator" (thus, ECHO) could store formulas, transfer messages, control a home's temperature, produce a basic supply rundown, and turn machines on or off. Despite the fact that it was never industrially sold, the ECHO IV was the principal brilliant gadget. This sharp gadget could process shopping records, control the home's temperature and turn apparatuses on and off. The Kitchen Computer, built up a year later, could store formulas, however had the sad slogan, "In the event that she can just cook and in addition Honeywell can PC" and in this manner sold no models.
1969:
DARPA presents ARPAnet, the world's first system - the forerunner to the current Internet and with it, all our Internet of Things (IoT) shrewd advancements (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
1981:
A forerunner to today's remote (802.11) innovation is created (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
1980s:
Home robotization gets to be distinctly ordinary, as carport entryways, home security frameworks, movement detecting lights, fiber optics, indoor regulator controls, and other innovation (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
1991:
Ad van Berlo pioneers the field of gerontechnology - innovation to enhance the lives of senior nationals and the sick. (Keep in mind the 90s-time ads, "Offer assistance! I've fallen and I can't get up!"?) These early innovations shape a firm base for the savvy, life-improving elements we adore about today's keen frameworks. Gerontechnology consolidates gerontology and innovation and makes the lives of senior residents simpler. In the 1990s, there was a great deal of new research and innovation in this segment. Recollect that, "I've fallen and I can't get up?" Life Alert is one case of gerontechnology (N. Pham and Y. Tanaka, 2014).
1998-2000s:
Smart homes turned into a thing. All through the late 1990s and mid-2000s, keen advances rose, with devices and gadgets turning out to be more regular and more moderate.
The future: Only the reality of the situation will become obvious eventually, yet specialists anticipate that soon, brilliant homes won't be so distant from The Jetsons as we once thought! Keen homes, or home computerization, started to increment in fame in the mid-2000s. In that capacity, distinctive innovation started to develop. Savvy homes all of a sudden turned into a more reasonable alternative, and consequently a feasible innovation for purchasers. Residential advancements, home systems administration, and different contraptions started to show up on store racks (Honglei Ren and You Song, 2016).
2010:
One of the principle architects of the Apple iPod, Tony Fadeli, established the creative tech startup Nest since he believed that current home robotization items were excessively immense and thick. From that point forward, Nest has created cutting edge, Wi-Fi associated smoke cautions and indoor regulators (Konark Sharma and Lalit Mohan Saini, 2015).
2012 - SMART REVOLUTION IN HOME AUTOMATION
A standout amongst the most remarkable contestants in the brilliant home division is an organization called SmartThings. The organization figured out how to raise over $1.2 million utilizing Kickstarter's crowdfunding stage, with Ashton Kutcher among the unmistakable financial specialists. This organization because exceptionally prominent was on the grounds that it guaranteed the ability of connecting about all the associated devices at home. Utilizing this application, shoppers get what might as well be called having a wise discussion with their homes. Toward the end of 2013, SmartThings had transported more than 100,000 center points (Chun-Feng Liao and Ya-Wen Jong, 2011).
2013 -THE CES
The year 2013 was the first occasion when that substantial home mechanization items commanded the CES gatherings. Amid the gathering, WeMo by Belkin was propelled with a few Wi-Fi gadgets. A striking item from Belkin was the inventive Home Control Switch, which was basically a canny attachment set between the attachment and an electronic fitting that permits clients to control their electrical gadgets utilizing a savvy house. Streak forward to 2015 and Tom Coates makes a progressive Twitter-empowered home. Tom's home posts some general tweets about the temperature, climate, and lighting (Chun-Feng Liao and Hsin-Chih, 2013).
2013 - MICROSOFT'S CONTRIBUTION
Microsoft participated in the keen home gathering with its Lab of Things dispatch that urged scientists to begin investigating different ways to deal with home computerization. An energizing component of the Lab is that it offers a convenient virtual dashboard to screen and control diverse interconnected gadgets and offers benchmarks for creating home computerization applications. Clients who sign into the Lab can see footages from their home security framework or even get notices when an entryway gets shut or opened, in addition to other things (A. Roy, J. Siddiquee and Datta, 2016).
2014 - THE CES
Amid the bleeding edge CES 2014 gathering, LG propelled its scope of brilliant family unit machines fitted with HomeChat. The application permitted clients to discuss specifically with the gadgets utilizing an informing application. Is it accurate to say that you are out shopping and don't recollect what is as of now loaded in your refrigerator back home? Basically send a brisk content and get a redesign of your ice chest's substance (M. Shariq Suhail, and Viswanatha Reddy, 2016).
2014 - W-R HOME AUTOMATION
Ben Kaufman, the Quirky organizer, propelled another new item called Wink, which could bring keen gadgets, including real brands, for example, Nest, Phillips, and Quirky, onto a home system that is then controlled by the Wink application. Thus, with Wink, buyers don't need to move even around in their homes to complete errands (Hsiao, 2016).
2014 - Big Organization Role
Samsung spent near $200 million to obtain SmartThings and propelled it's Smart Home application that permits clients to interface effectively and speak with a few Samsung home apparatuses from ice chests and clothes washers to broilers and aeration and cooling systems among others (Weidong, 2016).
In a similar expansiveness, Google burned through $3.2 billion to purchase Nest Labs, whose principle target is reexamining gadgets around the home, similar to smoke alerts and indoor regulators. These acquisitions speak to the business' certainty encompassing the Internet of Things (Weidong, 2016).
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Applications and technologies
- Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC): it is possible to have remote control of all home energy monitors over the internet incorporating a simple and friendly user interface.
- Lighting control system
- Appliance control and integration with the smart grid and a smart meter, taking advantage, for instance, of high solar panel output in the middle of the day to run washing machines.
- Security: a household security system integrated with a home automation system can provide additional services such as remote surveillance of security cameras over the Internet, or central locking of all perimeter doors and windows.
- Leak detection, smoke and CO detectors
- Indoor positioning systems
- Home automation for the elderly and disabled
The development and innovations in wireless technologies has certainly brought reduction in cost of Wireless Systems.The wireless technologies have evolved and its progress can be observed in latest technologies being not only cost-effective but also reliable and power efficient.These technologies can be deployed in a traditional home environment and the regular home appliances can be digitized after which they can be controlled and monitored effectively using the Smart Home concept. We can use voice recognition to control smart home appliances. voice recognition is a more personalized form of control, since it can be adapted and customized to a particular speaker's voice.
Implementations
In a review of home automation devices, Consumer Reports found two main concerns for consumers:
- A WiFi network connected to the internet can be vulnerable to hacking.
- Technology is still in its infancy, and consumers could invest in a system that becomes abandonware. In 2014, Google bought the company selling the Revolv Hub home automation system, integrated it with Nest and in 2016 shut down the servers Revolv Hub depended on, rendering the hardware useless.
Microsoft Research found in 2011, that home automation could involve high cost of ownership, inflexibility of interconnected devices, and poor manageability.
Historically systems have been sold as complete systems where the consumer relies on one vendor for the entire system including the hardware, the communications protocol, the central hub, and the user interface. However, there are now open source software systems which can be used with proprietary hardware.
Protocols
There are a wide variety of technology platforms, or protocols, on which a smart home can be built. Each one is, essentially, its own language. Each language speaks to the various connected devices and instructs them to perform a function.
The automation protocol transport has involved direct wire connectivity, powerline (UPB) and wireless hybrid and wireless.
Most of the protocols below are not open. All have an API.
Acronym explanation:
- PLC: Power line communication, communication using existing mains wiring
- RF: RF, transmission using a high frequency carrier
- Twisted pair: High speed signals using cables with twisted pairs to protect the signals
- Infrared: Optical communication using infrared light
- Ethernet: Well established standard for high capacity communications
Security
Security on home automation is a developing aspect for the Internet of Things. This includes securing the data in-between connected devices and the devices themselves. Currently, security has developed into the following topcis:
· Device security
· System Security
· Environment focused environment
Device Security
· Device fingerprinting
· Mobile device security
There is a dual focus on the security of the devices. Device fingerprinting is evolving with improvements and failures of the approach. Using a dual approach of device fingerprinting and login credentials, provide a high level of security and identification, up to 97.93%[1]. Mobile device security demand is growing with the volume of connected devices grows. HASec, Home Automation and Security system for mobile devices, operates and controls the device though motion detectors and video camera for remote sensing, surveillance, live video streams, record for playback, and manages the device operation[2]. This includes turning the device on or off. For security, the detected motion will trigger alerts for possible violations. The main components for interaction include iOS application for device interaction and server scripts for interaction with the cloud.
System Security
· Reed Solomon codes
· Embedded programmable logic controller
· Vision based intelligent security system
· Agent based system
· Zigbee security - attribute based re-encryption
· Intrusion checkers to resist malicious attacks
System security involves many layers of the Internet of things (IoT). As the IoT grows, system integrity becomes important to avoid negative risks such as catastrophic errors[3]. Using Reed Solomon Codes for error detection and correction before any operation invoked by the user gets executed can assist in preventing such occurrences.
Allowing for affordable security is also important. An embedded programmable logic controller based security method was designed which prevents simple manipulation of user data[4]. The integrity of the system is secured using a simplified sequence, rolling code encryption of the transmitted data.
Visual surveillance is the main aspect of any intelligent home security system. Various technological developments will provide operation of the system and identifying the number of people, when to operate, and allow for efficient use of the devices[5].
Data collection is a normal process for systems and protecting the data also becomes important[6]. Sensors are connected to a host network to improve processing, achieve high reliability, and reduce costs.
A ZigBee network is considered as the most attractive technology for home automation such as high availability, low power consumption and cost-effective device for constructing the wireless sensor network[7]. This allows users to designate home network and control home appliances depending on their connectivity and ease of use.
Remote device vulnerabilities have provided for improved security needs throughout any system. Examples of this risk include garage door openers, automobiles, and home appliances[8]. Light weight intrusion checkers are based on detecting irregular operations by comparing the current firmware execution with the past recurrent execution behavior. Any deviation is identified and evaluated which provide for clear detection with negligible risk.
Environment focused environment
· Low cost energy security management
Using dynamic priority for household appliances and its current status provide for the low cost energy deployment for systems now and in the future[9]. This includes the scheduling for renewable energy capability for all devised in the system. loT can be employed in our homes to control various appliances like that of lighting, heating, air conditioning systems, entertainment gadgets and other home security devices to improve convenience and also optimize energy consumption. All the devices are connected in a seamless fashion such that the needs of the occupants are met in a convenient manner. Any device having ON or OFF mechanism can be connected to the Internet for remote access. So, pertaining to our Home system, there are many such devices that can be accessed and controlled using loT. Such devices include lighting systems, heating systems, media and entertainment systems and several others.
Criticism and controversies
Home automation suffers from platform fragmentation and lack of technical standards a situation where the variety of home automation devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently between different inconsistent technology ecosystems hard. Customers may be hesitant to bet their IoT future on proprietary software or hardware devices that use proprietary protocols that may fade or become difficult to customize and interconnect.
Home automation devices amorphous computing nature is also a problem for security, since patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-price devices. One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support older devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active devices vulnerable.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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